Social Class Of The United States - 1103 Words

If you took a handful of random strangers and asked them to tell you whom they are, a majority of those people would start by defining themselves with their name and occupation. The American society is conventionally arranged into social classes founded on income, wealth, occupation, educational successfulness and social network. Social classes are defined as â€Å"status hierarchy in which individuals and groups are classified on the basis of esteem and prestige acquired mainly through economic success and the accumulation of wealth.† (â€Å"social class†) For most of American history, social classes have created inflexible barriers, with multiple institutions and businesses, administering rules established on racial discrimination and other forms of categorizing people founded on preconceptions. Social class in the United States is a contentious matter, possessing many different models, definitions and arguments for its obvious existence. Though many Americans now com monly identify with the three-tier model – a model that incorporates the upper class, the middle class, and lower class/poverty – social scientists have suggested more intricately created model. The extreme definition of social classes has only recently appeared in the past 250 years. Clarity of this natural habit did not strike the citizens of the United States until the colonial times when many of the richer, higher class citizens decided they were in need of separation from those that were considered low-class andShow MoreRelatedSocial Class in the United States Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pages There is much debate about the issue of social class in the United States. There are arguments about whether social classes are distinctly separate or fluid, dependent upon one’s community or society as a whole, and if they are subjective or objective (Hughes and Jenkins). However, despite the debate surrounding social classes, it is still important to try to define them and analyze their effects, as they are such an important part of our identity and our opportunities in society. AlthoughRead MoreThe Inequalities of the Social Class in the United States and How to Improve It1315 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is social class you ask? Social class is a system created to categorize people by education, wealth and heredity. What are the different class systems you ask? There are several class classifications and they’re Upper Class–Elite, Upper Middle Class, Lower Middle Class, Working Class and poor. In the united states and being a victim of â€Å" social class categorizing† is an issue that must be addressed and people must be made aware, because it seems as if it’s not going anywhere anytime soon soRead MoreThe United States : Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, And Health1447 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their own personal conduct and poor health decisions that result in serious, yet avoidable illnesses and disabilities? Will charging people higher health insurance premiums help curb poor health habits? In Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health - Edition 1 by Donald Barr, the author explores the questions, â€Å"What is health? How should we define it? How should we measure it?† Barr addresses the â€Å"danger of approaching health as a moral imperative† andRead MoreThe United States : Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, And Health1416 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their own personal conduct and poor health decisions that result in serious yet avoidable illnesses and disabilities? Will charging people higher health insurance premiums help curb poor health habits? In Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health - Edition 1 by Donald Barr, the author explores the questions, â€Å"What is health? How should we define it? How should we measure it?† Barr addresses the â€Å"danger of approaching health as a moral imperative† andRead MoreHealth Disparities Of The United States : Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, And Health1606 Words   |  7 Pagesbutton topics is that of healthcare. The United States is the only developed nation without a universal healthcare system, but spends the most for health services. With so many Americans lacking the adequate care needed or facing bankruptcy due to piling medical bills, one must look at the health disparities that are causing this super power nation to inadequately serve its citizens. Donald Barr’s text Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health examines theRead MoreSocial Class Stratification : An Important Part Of How The United States Functions Essay2021 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Class Stratification Social class is an important part of how the United States functions. Because the United States tries to run on a laissez-faire based marketing system, there are social classes that differ based on economic prosperity. The people who work hard and are smart rise to the top and usually become part of the upper or middle class. People who don t work hard or are lacking an intellectual capabilities fall to the lower class. Social class stratification is important to understandRead MoreThis Essay Is Looking At What The Key Factors Most Commonly1999 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing linked to health inequalities in the United Kingdom. Firstly, what does the term health inequalities mean according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) â€Å"Health inequalities can be defined as differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups. For example, differences in mobility between elderly people and younger populations or differences in morta lity rates between people from different social classes. It is important to distinguishRead MoreSocial Stratification And Its Effects On Society1266 Words   |  6 PagesSocial stratification is a way people categorize others in a socioeconomic strata. Social stratification has four principles: social stratification has and continues to persist over generations, it involves inequality, beliefs and other economic and ideological standards, it is universal but variable, and it is also a â€Å"trait† of society. Social stratification doesn’t categorize certain individuals by their looks or popularity, but instead categorizes by different aspects such as the job they haveRead MoreThe Four Theories of Government Essay669 Words   |  3 Pagestheory, and social contract theory. The Force theory was when one person or group of people gained control of the area and forced others to submit to their rule. The evolutionary Rule basically said that the states would develop natur ally out of family clans, tribes, ect. The divine right theory said that the state was created by God and God gave people of royal birth the â€Å"divine right to rule†. The social contract theory was created by Thomas Hobbes and he believed that before the state people wereRead MorePoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pageswealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the United States. In fact, it is a serious problem for America’s Economy, Democracy and the Middle Class. Economic Inequality is the thing that makes the United States the Land of Opportunity to many immigrants. Many Immigrants relocate themselves and/or families for the purpose of experiencing â€Å"The American Dream†. The American Dream

The Neurology of Memory Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia

The Neurology of Memory Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia Introduction Memory is defined as â€Å"the mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information† (American Psychological Association, 2002). It is a part of the means by which humans function. The process of forming and recalling memories involves various complex neurological processes and disruptions to these processes can result in loss of memory or the inability to form new memories. Amnesia is a memory disorder, in which, due to trauma or a head injury, certain parts of the memory is inaccessible. The two main types of amnesia are anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories (Mastin, 2010). â€Å"Retrograde†¦show more content†¦Research has shown that there is â€Å"greater activation in the left inferior frontal and medial temporal lobes† (Stanford, 2006, p. 208) during the encoding of words which were later remembered as compared to those which were forgotten. The sensations perceived by sensory nerves are decoded in the hippocampus of the brain into a single experience (Mastin, 2010). The hippocampus analyses new information and compares and asssociates it with previously stored memory (Mastin, 2010). Human memory is associative in that new information can be remembered better if it can be associated to previously acquired, firmly consolidated information (Mastin, 2010). The various pieces of information are then stored in different parts of the brain (Mastin, 2010). Though the exact method by which this information is later identified and recalled has yet to be discovered, it is understood that ultra-short term sensory memory is converted into short term memory which can then later be consolidated into long term memory (Mastin, 2010). Consolidation is the process by which an acquired memory is stabilized (Mastin, 2010). It begins when information is â€Å"bound into a memory trace by the hippocampus and related structures in the medial temporal lobes and diencephalon† (Nadel Moscovitch, 1997, p. 217). This involves long termShow MoreRelatedSignificant Role of the Hippocampus Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagescontributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and BirdRead MoreMemory and Human Survival1544 Words   |  7 PagesAs a result Tom has been experiencing many dif ficulties, in particular with his memory. Memory refers to the mental capacity to retain information and convert it into a form that can be stored and retrieved at a later time. Storing and retrieving memories involves passing information from one stage to the next and then retrieving that information from long-term memory. (Burton, Westen Kowalski, 2012, p.261) Memory is an integral part of human survival and without it, learning new skills, such

A Report On The Royal Gazette - 1645 Words

The Royal Gazette Over the last few weeks there have been numerous breakouts of the Plague. It has infected over 1/2 of Europe s population and is still spreading! Death and disease are probably becoming familiar features in your life but luckily for you, health workers believe it’s almost over. New cures are reportedly found and believed to be successful. (Continued Page 2) New gossip comes to surface after a family moves town (See more Page 10) Are the Government doing enough to help us survive? (Find out on Page 6) Symptoms of the Plague Signs and symptoms include black lumps occurring underneath arms and on the groin (see above). Signs of infection will occur in around 1-5 days after infection. If these†¦show more content†¦- Carry pockets of sweet-smelling herbs. -Some people are saying that the best cure for the Plague is to digest one whole spoon full of finely crushed emeralds. -Let leeches suck you dry. The last cure mentioned appeared to be successful for one man named Norwan Iron. He reported to a Plague doctor what he had discovered and Sir Rowan Black has said that it is a very successful cure. How some people are dealing with the Plague? Religion and other methods Many people have turned to different solutions in this horrid time of need. While many people have followed Hippocratic advice and fled, others wait. The Plague - being the will of God is to be endured and fleeing is prohibited. Others are turned to religion for protection from death. People are forming themselves into wandering groups of penitents (someone who seeks forgiveness from God). They have been travelling from town to town, ritually beating themselves in public acts of shame to a God who is evidently very angry. Violence is also taking place. Groups of people are attempting kill anyone who is suspected of carrying the plague. A public health response to the Black Death: Creating Cures In a desperate attempt to survive the Plague, people are coming up with numerous Plague ‘cures’. Strapping live chickens around Plague infected areas or drinking medicines mixed with mercury or arsenic in attempts to save themselves. Very few doctors are agreeing with

Welfare Reform Temporary Assistance for Needy Families...

In August 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) passed. This legislation ended the Family Aid with Dependent Children (AFDC) and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Unlike AFDC, TANF is not an entitlement program. This means that states are under no obligation to provide cash assistance to eligible families. Instead the federal government gives block grants to assist poor families with the emphasis on moving them from welfare to work or deterring them from applying for welfare in the first place. States are no longer obligated to match federal funds, creating an incentive to eliminate their previous portion of the funding for critical programs. Now due to†¦show more content†¦When highly paid professional women leave jobs to stay home and take care of their children they are considered ?good mothers?. Also, when they do decide to work outside the home they are judged as ?selfish? and ?bad mother s?. However, the expectation of poor women is the exact opposite. Poor women are often criticized for staying home to take care of their children and are expected to leave the home and work for wage in order to receive the ?good mother? approval from society. One reform argument is centered on the ?burden? for taxpayers to support people who are not trying to help themselves. Gilens reported, ?The economic self-interest explanation of welfare reform is widely assumed to be true, and debates over public policy often remain on the assumption that the middle class resent paying for programs that benefit only the poor? (Gilens, p. 2, 1996). Reform efforts often focus on general stereotypes of welfare recipients not wanting to work and preferring to take advantage of taxpayer money. Conservatives and liberals refer to ?welfare spending? as excessive and unnecessary. However, prior to the popularity of welfare reform, the U.S. Bureau of Census reported actual money spent on AFDC was only 7% of the $613 billion spend on social welfare which included health care, veterans? programs, education, housing, and pubic aid (tables 579, 583, 1993). With government statistics contradicting claims of excessive spending, there isShow MoreRelatedMassach usetts And Kentucky s Temporary Assistance For Needy Families Post Secondary Reform Movements1634 Words   |  7 Pages Stephanie Steele Final Exam Amna Osman State and Local Government Upper Iowa University April 23rd, 2015 1. What led to the success of Maine and Kentucky’s Temporary Assistance to Needy families Post-Secondary Reform movements? Maine is a small state that is not terribly diverse in it s population. Ethnic and racial minorities make up just less that 2 percent of its population (U.S. Census Bureau). Maine has also been considered one of the more poorer states. Maine s economyRead More Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In California3087 Words   |  13 PagesManagement Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In California In August of 1996, our chief executive of the United States, President Clinton, changed the structure of welfare dependency. He signed into law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act, with its entire new legislature, has come to be known as welfare reform. Our state leaders, administrators and managers face many challenges and constraints in their attempt to implement a law, whichRead MoreWelfare Reform Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated about a systematical program called welfare. Some perceive it as dead weight to our nation and they question whether the programs offered are helping the community. As taxpayers, the American populous funds contribute to welfare for others. Due to the large number of people who receive government assistance, it is not that simple to monitor every individual. However, I propose that welfare should be reformed. Society is abusing the access to social welfare and to prevent the downfall sure to comeRead More Essay about Hcr 230 Week 3 Assignment the Welfare Reform Act1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Welfare Reform Act HCR/230—Claims Prep II Jeana Timmcke University of Phoenix—Axia College The Welfare Reform Act Welfare has been a controversial issue since the 1960s, and continues to be a controversial issue. During the late 1980s, citizens were calling for reform of the Welfare System. Due to citizen concern the Personal Responsibility, Welfare and Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) came into effectRead MoreThe Welfare Policies And Welfare Programs1232 Words   |  5 Pagesdeciding who is eligible for welfare and for what amount of time, though federal funds can only be provided for five years of benefits over the lifetime of the recipient. Women currently have very few options when it comes to working and caring for their children. The next section of this paper will discuss the welfare policies aimed at alleviating the struggle of women to care provide for themselves and their children. Welfare Programs and Eligibility There are several welfare programs that are availableRead MoreThe Issue Of Drug Testing Welfare Recipients And Applicants1231 Words   |  5 Pageswill explore the pros and cons on the issue of drug testing welfare recipients and applicants. The journals and articles used to determine whether drug testing is necessary or a hindrance to public assistance applicants, recipients and the government vary in their argument on the effects of those who receive assistance. The study, completed by Anderson, Shannon, Schyb and Goldstein (2002) determined that, due to the change in Welfare reform in 1996, the disruption of benefits increased the risk homelessnessRead MoreEssay about Federal Welfare Reform1651 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Welfare Reform: A Critical Perspective Abstract: This project will examine â€Å"welfare reform,† which was signified by the signing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) in 1996. PRWOA replaced the original welfare act of 1935, titled Aid to Dependent Children (later changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children), with the program Temporary Assistance to needy Families (TANF). Under PRWOA, TANF was instated as a system of block grants allocated to statesRead MoreThe Reforms Of Public Benefits For Needy Families1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reforms of public benefits for needy families in the U.S. and specifically single mothers, which took place in August of 1996, was an important step since its inception with FDR in 1935. Many requirements were imposed onto public benefits eligibility, such as work and income requirement and establishing a time limit for public aid. Effects of the reform were hard to ignore as it resulted in decreasing governmental expenditure and heavy program caseloads. However, the big debate about public benefitsRead MoreTemporary Assistance For Needy Families1567 Words   |  7 Pages Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Work-First, Time-limits and Sanctions. The Policy Effects on Citizens and Social Work Practice ADEBAYO ADEKUNLE L. KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITYâ€Æ' Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Work-First, Time-limits and Sanctions. The Policy Effects on Citizens and Social Work Practice Social Policy can refer to guidelines, principles, legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person s qualityRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1526 Words   |  7 PagesArann Ms. Holiday English 12 11/04/15 Mandatory Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients When the United States’ welfare program was created during the Great Depression, it was meant to temporarily relieve the burdens of the one-fourth of American families who were unemployed, and struggling financially. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act in 1935, then amended it in 1939 to create programs to assist families with unemployment compensation, and to create government agencies

Construction Management for Bill of Quantities †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Construction Management for Bill of Quantities. Answer: Introduction The report is based on Bill of Quantities (BOQ) for a new two storey brick building with concrete tiled roof consists of two apartments. The location of the construction of the building is at 52 box road, East Hills. The type of contract is basically based on Australian General Conditions of Contract. BOQ consists of bid process of entire project comprised of estimation of cost, tendering, opening of tender for the project as well as award of contract (Cunningham 2016). Proper cost estimation helps to determine feasibility study of given project and facility for procurement procedure of the project work. It helps to plan the finances needed for successful project completion. From the perspective of the contractors, proper cost estimation helps to prepare a bid for work and facilitate resource arrangements for evaluation as well as execution of the work. This particular report summarizes the importance of identification and pricing of cost significant preliminaries in order to increase chances of winning the tender of the East Hills project. It also analyzes the priced preliminaries bill for the cost significant preliminaries items for the provided project. From the tendering review, importances of the description of BOQ and in addition to its effects are highlighted throughout the project example. Project preliminaries costs Importance of accurately identifying and pricing cost-significant preliminaries to maximise chances of winning a tender Jayaraman and Jayaraman (2016) stated that the employer are selected the contractor based on lowest bid criteria. A lowest tendering price is a key significant way to win a tender. Seymour (2017) analysed that selection of lowest bid is not required to reflect true cost of the project work. Tender pricing is a major part to prepare of BOQ. In the given project, cost estimation is done for experienced workers such as sub-contractor those are specialized into building construction. The pricing cost significant preliminaries are done to have cost information based on interaction with the suppliers (Cunningham 2015). Tender price is taking price information throughout quotation for the suppliers as well as sub contractors. This particular project is a government project which provides higher quality and specializes into type of construction they go for quotations (Fichtner and Michel 2016). The success of contractor for obtaining of contract is based on quality of the quotations received for the materials and items to subcontract. It is also required to have competitive prices at the time to prepare the estimation of cost. Standard procedures are being established to the responsibilities of the person those are to carry out the bid functions as well as negotiations that rose (Abas 2017). The list of the items for which there is requirement of quotations is being established with comprehensive assessment of the contracted documents. The contractor submits a tender for the project which sets out experience of the organization to undertake the building construction project, their proposed approach and estimation of cost to undertake the project (Larson and Gray 2013). In order to win a contract, a proper tender documentation is required for the project. Into the construction environment, the contractors are tendered low for the elements like preliminaries as well as earthworks to win of the contracts. However, prediction of low bid is a difficult task for the given project. Into the project, lower bid is awarded the contract, then it is suggested that predictions of lower bid is proper for winning the tender. Peng, Ding and Yu (2016) mentioned that bidding performance is analysed by design estimators. The quality of advice offered to the client is improved if the consultant can see the design cost from the bidding results. Then, the contractor can able to relate its ability in order to win the contracts (Abas et a l. 2017). The contractors are submitted lower prices for the project elements in order to win contracts of the tender. Project overhead estimation is required to improve the accuracy of the tender pricing. Efforts are provided to improve the methods to estimate the indirect cost. The contractor gains a competitive edge by adjusting the preliminaries such as project overhead. Goh and Hall (2013) forwarded the project scenario and concluded that quotations are obtained among the supplier and subcontractor. Therefore, proper project pricing for the project overheads are required to get success into the project bid (Wang and Wei 2014). Into the construction industry, preliminaries are subjective as well as most of the times it is difficult to price the system work. The first section of work is bill of quantities which consist of the financial matters those are related to the contract (Azam, Sabrina and Mohyin 2016).The contractor has responsibility to price the preliminaries items into the tender based on project requirements. Anifowose et al. (2013) explained that preliminaries section of the bill of quantities contains of two distinct types of items. The items those are not specific but have identifiable cost considered for the purpose of tendering such as contractual necessity for insurances, site ability for the employer as well as payment towards the local authority (Kang et al. 2013). Items those are fixed as well as associated cost which derives from the contractors predictable method to bring out the project work. The works are associated to bring of plant from the site and provided that of temporary works (Jayaraman and Jayaraman 2016). The time associated subdivision is provided for the preliminaries items which allow the tenderers to cost the items individually. The tenderer has the capability to expand the time related cost items to outfit particular methods of building construction. The achievement of contractor for gaining of contract is based on superiority of the quotations established for the materials in addition to items to contract out (Brook 2016). Therefore, pricing the preliminaries items are significantly required to maximise chances of winning the tender for the project. Priced preliminaries bill for the identified cost-significant preliminaries items for the given project Preliminaries Bill Item Description Amount ($) Pricing approach with justification 1 Establishment of the site 1.1 Site clearance for construction of new two storey brick building 14,000 The area of the site consists of 400m2 for a cost of $35 per m2, therefore the site clearance cost is (400*35) = $14,000. 1.2 Scaffold, plant and equipments, lifts as well as cranes 20,000 The total of space is 500m2 for cost of $40 per m2, therefore the cost is (500*40) = $ 20,000. 1.3 Testing of the soil 20,000 The total area for building the two storeys is 400m2, where the cost for testing the soil is $50; hence the cost is $20000. 1.4 Authority charges 840 Authority charges $30 for the project with working day of total 28 days. 2 Groundwork 2.1 Filling to the garden beds 740 The garden bed is cultivated to 100 deep with area of 37m2, the estimated cost is $20; hence the total cost is (37*20) = $740. The top soil mixture of the garden beds comprise of three parts with imported topsoil and one part is compost. 2.2 Organic fertilizer 2590 The organic fertilizer is being specified applied at rate of 3kg per 10m2, includes of cultivation to depth of 200 and ranks to surface level with adjacent surfaces. The area is 37m2 with cost of $70; hence the cost is (37*70) = $2590. 2.3 Planting and association of excavation as well as filling of the work 300 There is supply of 140 dia pots and plant into the beds are specified as ceria turbinate with total number of 10, and cost of $30; hence the total cost is (10*30) = $300. 2.4 Excavation and beds for the paths 208 There is excavation of the materials commerce of 16m3 at reduced level not exceed 1.0m of total depth of strip footings. It costs of $13 per m3, hence the total cost is (16*13) = $208. 2.5 Excavation for the electrical and drainage services 6800 4*25mm2 PVC cables into trenches (minimum 600m cover) as well as it are drawn into conduits. It includes for excavation, maintenance faces of excavation, backfilling, warning tape with disposal of surplus spoil. The total area is 34m with cost of $200; hence the cost is $6800. 2.6 Excavation from rain and percolating water by way of pumping out 200 15 diameter pipe works into chases in brickwork is 10m, with cost of $20; hence the cost is $200. 2.7 Maintenance faces to side of excavation not to exceed 1.0m total depth for the strip footings 2120 The area of the excavation for the strip footings is 53m3 with cost of $40 per m3; hence the price is $2120. 3 Windows and doors 3.1 Aluminium framed window 3000 There are two anodised aluminium framed sliding window units inclusive of factory glazing, fixings, furniture as well as trims. It suits of opening 1210 wide* 1029 high with includes of building into brick cavity wall. Each of the windows is cost of $1500. Therefore, the costs of the windows are (2*1500) = $3000. 3.2 Metal door frames 6000 There are six metal door frames to suit 2040*820*35 thick single leaf doors, complete with pair of steel butt hingers, latch keep, striking plate includes for the building 110 thick brick partition walls. Each of the windows is cost of $1000. Therefore, the costs of the windows are (6*1000) = $6000. 3.3 External timber doors 10,000 It is 1 half glazed single door, 2040*820*40 (timber frame measured). 1 glazed single entry door in door and sidelight assembly to suit overall opening size 1280 wide x 2067 high (door only: timber frame complete with sidelight). The total cost estimated as $10,000. 3.4 Internal timber door 2000 There is total of 1 single door of 2040*720*35 thick, 4 sliding door of 2040*820*35 thick and 6 single door of 2040*820*35 thick. Cost is $2000. 3.5 Security viewers 300 There are 2 security viewers which are fixed into the entry door to the apartments. The total cost is $300. 4 Finishes 4.1 Concrete stair landing $80 Preparing of concrete stair landing used to receive cement render by coating with PVA bonding agent with area of 4m2, and cost of $20, hence (4*20) = $80. 4.2 Concrete stair flights It consists of area of 5m2 with cost of $10, hence (5*10) = $50. 4.3 Concrete stair strings and floor slaps 30,000 The concrete stair strings consists of width of 130-280mm with floor slaps into wall area of 0-250mm high. Both are cost of $60, hence the total cost is (250mm*60+250mm*50) = $30,000 4.4 Door stops 3000 Wall mounted door stop, approximately 75 long overall, comprising screw fixed nylon, cast brass or diecast base plate and a close wound spiral wire with plastic tip. The cost of the door stops are $3000. Conclusion It is concluded that this particular report is based on estimation of preliminary cost of the items in the project which is conducted for construction of two storey building. Estimation of the price is focused on tender pricing and building up rates for the selected activities from BOQ. The project parties participate into involvement into pricing for this particular project and factors are considered when tender pricing is identified. It is analysed that the tender pricing process consists of receipt of invitation to the tender, decision to the tender, collection of tender documents, examination of the tender documents, collection of tender documents, tender adjudication as well as submission of the tender documents. At the time of pricing the preliminaries items, availability of the project resources, materials, plant and technology are to be considered at pricing time. Pricing of the tender is considered as the major part to prepare the BOQ. This particular procedure is to be done with use of various cost information. In order to do the lower bid, it is considered as difficult task for the given project. Into the project work, there is lower bid that is awarded the contract, and then it is recommended that forecasting of lower bid is appropriate for winning the tender of this particular project work. References Abas, A.A., Ismail, Z., Ismail, F. and Arshad, R.A., 2017. Cost of Preliminaries of Construction Projects for Civil Infrastructure Works in Malaysia.Sains Humanika,9(2). Anifowose, M.O., Ola-awo, W.A. and Mohammed, T.U., 2013. Assessment of Cost Management Functions of Quantity Surveyors with Lean Methodology.International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology,4(2), pp.67-81. Azam, N., Sabrina, Z. and Mohyin, N.A., 2016. Review on costs management in construction. InIIUM Journal of Educational Studies(pp. 30-52). IIUM Press. Brook, M., 2016.Estimating and tendering for construction work. Taylor Francis. Cunningham, T., 2015. ARM4-A Working Guide-Section B-Preliminaries. Cunningham, T., 2016. The Function and Format of Bills of Quantities: an Irish Context. Cunningham, T., 2017. Cost Control during The Construction Phase of the Building Project:-The Consultant Quantity Surveyors Perspective. Fichtner, J.J. and Michel, A.N., 2016. The OECDs Conquest of the United States: Understanding the Costs and Consequences of the BEPS Project and Tax Harmonization.Mercatus Research, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, Arlington, VA. Goh, J. and Hall, N.G., 2013. Total cost control inproject management via satisficing.Management Science,59(6), pp.1354-1372. Jayaraman, R. and Jayaraman, R., 2016. Project cost control: a new method to plan and control costs in large projects.Business Process Management Journal,22(6), pp.1247-1268. Kang, Y., O'Brien, W.J. and Mulva, S.P., 2013. Value of IT: Indirect impact of IT on construction project performance via Best Practices.Automation in Construction,35, pp.383-396. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013. Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Peng, Y., Ding, Y. and Yu, Y., 2016. Grid Project Cost Control Research Based on Data Mining. Seymour, B., 2017. Preliminary round.Electrical Connection, (Winter 2017), p.46. Wang, C. and Wei, N., 2014, May. Analysis of Project Cost Control Based on Information Entropy and Gray Correlation. InInternational Conference on Logistics Engineering, Management and Computer Science (LEMCS 2014). Atlantis Press.

Managing Human Resource

Question: Discuss about theManaging Human Resource. Answer: Introduction: The work life balance has been a widely discussed issue since decades along with the growth in working population. The employees work under extreme conditions to achieve the targets and deadlines. In such situations it becomes difficult for the employees to manage their personal life and professional lives. The report focuses on the impacts of economical crisis or recession and its effects on the employees and organizations (Hye, 2014). It is very important for the organization to retain its talented employees by providing motivation, rewards and by remarking the importance of their work. Body: Flexibility and work life balance was considered previously with a positive impact so as both the parties are benefited such as employees and employers (Russell, O'Connell McGinnity, 2009). As such talent acquisition is considered as an important aspect till date so that new recruits are trained for growth and development opportunities. Now employers are finding it reluctancy for the business sectors when talent acquisition is considered in a business. Currently, employers while considering the flexibility and work life, the part time work and flexible arrangements of work is instead carried out to retain the employees and engaging them as to the best level (Pina Rego, 2009). At this instance, some employees are carrying the activities on the next level by reducing the staff, which may lead to better opportunity and designing a complete new structure for the roles and activities undertaken for the job. New ways are carried out so that job opportunities are fulfilled and maintaining the work life of employees with a balance of work and flexibility would be preferable. There are positive and negative consequences of the flexibility concept that has been discussed and many authors have an argument at this end. Juliet Bourke has observed the negative image about the flexibility concept that employers use these days and there is a paradigm which has constantly moved up on a different context. The concept has reshaped eventually leading an entirely new phase. The argument heads about reshaping the contextual concept at a greater level and manages to enhance the productivity at the workplace. The flexibility issues can be reduced as far as reducing the overheads which may actually boost the productivity (Thomson, 2008). The way flexibility has shifted gives a negative impact over the business and the human resource department. It has not changed for good, in fact, it may lead to a negative circumstance that cannot be handled by employees, although considering the employment opportunities in a downturn market. What the market considers flexibility is different right now, and this makes a discussion regarding the employment opportunity and working hours (Casper Harris, 2008). Previously the concept of flexibility was a bit different and the paradigm instantly changed up by getting fewer people at work and utilizing the best with extra working hours. This is actually an unintended consequence that has a line which has to be thought presently. There was a launch of a website that made a clear concept of how the flexibility shows up with working hours. The employees at this end may generally visualize the crisis that takes place in an economy and may mold to the flexibility with a greater opportunity in a very nasty manner. Employers may reduce the working hours as such and employees may have a benefit at this end (Russell, O'Connell McGinnity, 2009). Even an extra workload can put the employees into a workload that may not be a convincing structure as far as positive benefits are approached for a flexible concept. Staff may face an extra workload if this is the scene that too because of other employees who have been given a freedom for flexibility at times and for some job rotations. This situation may not always be a win win situation so it doesnt sound well when these concepts are applied till date with a negligence and an overload that faces problems and issues in an organization (Baptiste, 2008). There are benefits that are mutually expected by both the parties and as such the horizontal and the vertical structure of the organization chart may decide to support the working culture that is prevalent in an organization. The support is expected as a flexibility of working cultures. There are new requirements as such which may be well considered at this end and this may seemingly accomodate the business requirement and shall develop the solutions for job redesigning and for flexible working structure (Expert Group Meeting, 2010). At times the economic condition may not be worth and what happens is the downturn situation that the company faces, these are the hard times that may be faced by employers and flexible working hours may work well. The demand may decrease completely opposite at this end and the overall structure might change in this response. At this end people may reduce the working hours with a technique of flexible working hours in an organization. There are comprehens ive programs that are the key strategies at this end and they may work well with the employee assistance and may work well. As such employee flexibility has to develop a diverse work performance in an adequate manner and may not face any situations that are coronary at means (Pruyne, Powell Parsons, 2012). The adaptive strategy is a current program that organization may adopt and go well at this stage by following the business needs and goals at this end. Strong work culture maintains a good relation and employees, therefore expect a better means of job satisfaction. Implications of excessive working hours on performance of managers and employees may have a clear concept of the use of flexibility in an organization (Kelliher Anderson, 2010). As such, there are different employees who are working in a different work culture. The policy and the rules are formed indifferent and may have a depending personality as far as tasks and responsibilities matter for an organization. There are excessive working hours situations that can eventually be divided at this end, which may lead to a subdivision of the categories (Casper Harris, 2008). As such there may be extended hours per day, commute timings, overtime and extended hours with an overtime. These are the categories and they have a negative approach when employees try to understand the business strategies as such. The indications that the researchers are moving towards having the perfect data that evaluate the long working hours in an organization with the complex situation as faced by an organization (Maertz Boyar, 2009). This may involve the risk and attribution with the variety of factors that may help to perform the social formalities as discussed. There are indications which relate to the negative feedback as such. In this context, the sleepless nights, overtime, family responsibility has a diverse effect. At last the adverse effects such as negative consequences that may lead to fatigue and turbulences are again a poor performance activity. The pitiable performance with effect to the managers review have a positive influence that may include production and p roductivity level that is far better than the regular revenues. Production cost has to be controlled at a higher rate and this may lead to an alertness which has to be errors and implies importantly in an organization (Casper Harris, 2008). There are subsequent situations for flexible working hours which may tend to be a negative impact towards an organization. Employees feel overworked and they face the unconditional situation at large while there are ventures that have a complete different policy for overtime. Overtime may even lead to a different policy as such and this tends to work even far better than the increase in productivity this may be a positive impact for the organization at large, but not for employees as these are actually an ill effects that employees face during these circumstances. Health and family issues may overlap the situation and make things hassle with a demotivation from work and even from family (Looker, 2011). Assessment at this end is an appropriate method that may work well and manager performs his duty at this end considering the authority and responsibility. Grievance handling must be handled by managers to make employee and employer relation on a stronger basis. Managers should always focus on the duties and the responsibility that might be the priority for employees and the economic imbalance as such may be reduced with a negative movement when terms of revenues are considered equivalently. The recognition and the production systems may vary as per the flexibility issues is considered. Achieving the goal is the prime responsibility of employer and employee for its organization and therefore the rules and amendments that are mentioned should always be followed as far as other duties are matter at this end. To encourage employees, managers must carry activities that may indulge the employees in employee engagement and employee involvement pattern. Finishing the work while applying the standard sets of rules is an encouragement (Jain, Giga Cooper, 2009). There are time management techniques that may be a very useful information and a program set for employees by managers. The important and the urgent activities may be very clearly generated a t this end and this may be helpful for prioritization attitude. The openness and the effective communication with employers may be a great benefit if it is provided by employers whether in horizontal or vertical organizational chart. Mutual consensus may be a useful means to employer the confidence which has to be delivered to the organization. So, at times when the working hours are getting extended or over time may occur, the employers shall make the work culture acceptable and encourage employees by motivating them with monetary or non monetary means. This may actually serve a better option and lead to the betterment of the organization and even for employees as job satisfaction is the basic need that matters on a priority basis (Kamau, 2013). The flexibility is the key for retaining the employees. Allowing the employees to work under favorable conditions, with extended deadlines and by providing part time or home based work would help the organizations to survive during the financial crisis. Also it has been witnessed that flexibility has considered as a negative aspect in some situations where the economic crisis results in heavy pressure on the employees. Thus the overall aim is to find effective measures to utilize economic downfall as a positive aspect (Guest, 2002). Economic downturn is a slowdown in economic activities resulting in elevated unemployment, falling of shares and declining investments (Kossek, Kalliath Kalliath, 2012). The downturn has vast impacts on the working structure of any organization. Organizations try to maximize the efforts to provide work life balance and job flexibility to the employees for a balanced life, but the economic downturn destroys the complete cycle the organizations follow. Due to the recession periods, the employees, management and overall market suffer. In a scenario where it becomes difficult to maintain the work-life balance in regular basis, it becomes even more difficult when the economic downturn hits the market. Different organizations understand the requirement and importance of its employees and try various measures to retain its employees. Various changes in the working structure like providing part time work, flexible working hours, reduction in working days of a week etc are proposed. The economic downturn is a traumatic phase for both, the organizations and the employees. The adverse effects of the economic downturn can however be reduced by planning, analyzing and monitoring the business. Economic downturn can be considered as both a negative as well a positive aspect for employees (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). Though it is witnessed that organizations let the employees to cut back the flexibility in working hours yet it brings out the positive side as the employees are provided with flexible timings, to work from home or work part time without any loss of pay. An important aspect that the employers can consider to manage the economic downturn is to provide flexibility to the employees. For the employers, it is very important to retain their employees in the company by providing strong reasons (Dissanaya Hussain, 2013). If the employees cooperate with the organization, the effects of recession could be neglected or at least reduced. The employers can provide the options of working from home, working part time, or reducing the deadlines and providing flexible hours to complete the work. Due to this the employees would be able to balance their household matters as well the work matters. The Human Resource department plays a very significant role in managing the employees work life balance during recessions and financial crisis (Casper Harris, 2008). The strategic involvement of human resource in managing the downturns is very important for the organization as if the companies do no put efforts on attracting and retaining the talented employ ees, they may face tough consequences (Dissanaya Hussain, 2013). The ongoing recruitment of the organization should be stopped for the downturn period while the emphasis should be done on the current employees of the company. Also the employers should constantly motivate the employees, offer challenging and knowledgeable assignments, making the employers understand their importance and significance in the job and reward the employees for the work they do (Kelliher, 2005). It is a big challenge for the employers to manage and retain the talents of the company during recessions. Also cost minimization has to be considered while managing the employees. Reduction can be done in incentives and focus on improvement in the quality can be practiced. Employee recognition programs can be undertaken to make the employees comprehend the importance and value of their work. Also redeployment can be used to improve the efficiency of the employees. Instead of removing the employees of the company, the employers may focus of identifying the area of expertise and redeploy the employees (Casper Harris, 2008). Communication plays a key role to make the employees understand the situation and work in accordance with the situation considering the positive aspects. Having a longer or broader vision for the situation would help both, the organization and the employees as well. The current downturn may result into future profits and benefits. A motivator approach towards down turn can lead into the inspiration for the employees and enthusiasm to enjoy the work life balance with satisfactory pays. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that work-life balance plays an essential role in any organization or employees life. If both the aspects are considered and fulfilled, it would lead into quality work and satisfactory results. Flexibility term can be used to improve the work life balance by providing free and suitable conditions for work like part time jobs, home based work and flexible timings which does not have pressurized environment and deadlines to fulfill. References Azeem, S.A, Akhtar, N. 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